Radical

Radical, from Late Latin Late Latin is the scholarly name for the written Latin of Late Antiquity. The English dictionary definition of Late Latin dates this period from the 3rd to the 6th centuries AD. extending in Spain to the 7th. This somewhat ambiguously defined period fits between Classical Latin and Medieval Latin. Although there is no scholarly certainty when radicalis "of roots" and from Latin radix "root", may refer to:

In science and mathematics:

• A radical (chemistry) In chemistry, radicals are atoms, molecules, or ions with unpaired electrons on an open shell configuration. Radicals may have positive, negative or zero charge. By convention, metals and their ions or complexes with unpaired electrons are not radicals. The unpaired electrons cause radicals to be highly chemically reactive is an atom, molecule, or ion, that is likely to take part in chemical reactions.
• Radical symbol (√), a symbol used to indicate the square root In mathematics, a square root of a number x is a number r such that r2 = x, or, in other words, a number r whose square is x or nth root The number n is called the degree of the root. A root of degree 2 is called a square root, a root of degree 3 is called a cube root, a root of degree 4 is called a fourth root, and so forth. In general, a root of degree n is called an nth root. Roots are usually written using the radical symbol , with denoting the square root, denoting the cube
• Radical of an algebraic group, a concept in algebraic group theory
• Radical of an ideal, an important concept in abstract algebra
• Radical of a ring, in ring theory, a branch of mathematics, a radical of a ring is an ideal of "bad" elements of the ring
• Radical of a module, in the theory of modules, the radical of a module is a component in the theory of structure and classification
• Jacobson radical In mathematics, more specifically ring theory, a branch of abstract algebra, the Jacobson radical of a ring, R, consists of those elements in R which annihilate all simple right R-modules. Alternatively, one could define the Jacobson radical of a ring with "left" in place of "right" in the previous sentence. Since the, the Jacobson radical of a ring, R, consists of those elements in R that annihilate all simple right R-modules
• Nilradical of a ring, the nilradical of a commutative ring is a nilpotent ideal, which is as large as possible
• Nilradical of a Lie algebra, the nilradical of a lie algebra is a nilpotent ideal, which is as large as possible
• Radical of an integer, a concept in number theory
• Symmetric bilinear form, a concept in linear algebra
• Radical of a Lie algebra, a concept in lie theory

In medicine:

• Radical surgery, surgery carried out in extreme circumstances and/or with extensive treatment

In linguistics:

• In an inflected language A fusional language is a type of synthetic language, distinguished from agglutinative languages by its tendency to overlay many morphemes in a way which can be difficult to segment such as English or Spanish, the radical verbs (also called 'radical-changing') are exceptions A strong inflection is a system of verb conjugation or noun/adjective declension which can be contrasted with an alternative system in the same language, which is then known as a weak inflection. The term strong was coined with reference to the Germanic verb, but has since been used of other phenomena in these and other languages, which may or may to the standard patterns of word change (e.g., to be is in most Indo European languages).
• Root (linguistics) The root is the primary lexical unit of a word, which carries the most significant aspects of semantic content and cannot be reduced into smaller constituents. Content words in nearly all languages contain, and may consist only of, root morphemes. However,sometimes the term "root" is also used to describe the word minus its inflectional, also called a "radical", the form of a word after any prefixes and suffixes are removed
• Radical (Chinese character) Radicals in Chinese characters refer to the section headers of a Chinese dictionary . Radicals are used to organise Chinese characters in Chinese dictionaries. All Chinese characters can be classified into radicals. The indexing system supports Chinese characters throughout the ages, from Shuōwén Jiézì characters to modern ones, part of a Chinese character under which it is indexed in a dictionary (also called bùshǒu 部首)
• Radical, one of the three consonants in a Semitic root The roots of verbs and most nouns in the Semitic languages are characterized as a sequence of consonants or "radicals" . Such abstract consonantal roots are used in the derivation of actual words by adding the vowels and non-root consonants (or "transfixes") which go with a particular morphological category around the root
• Radical consonant, a consonant articulated with the root of the tongue

In politics:

• Political radicalism In political science, the terms political radicalism and radicalism denote radical political principles. Derived from the Latin radix , the denotation of radical has changed since its eighteenth-century coinage to comprehend the entire political spectrum — yet retains the “change at the root” connotation fundamental to revolutionary societal
• Radicalism (historical) The term Radical was used during the late 18th century for proponents of the Radical Movement. It later became a general term for those favoring or seeking political reforms which include dramatic changes to the social order. Historically, early radical aims of liberty and electoral reform in Great Britain widened with the American Revolution and, the Radical Movement that began in late 18th century Britain and spread to continental Europe and Latin America in the 19th century
• Radical left, another term for the far left
• Radical right, another term for the far right
• Radical Whigs The Radical Whigs were "a group of British political commentators" associated with the British Whig faction who were at the forefront of Radicalism. They played a significant role in the development of the American Revolution, as their republican writings were widely read by the American colonists, many of whom were convinced by their, influential early writers on Radicalism
• Radical Reformation The Radical Reformation was a 16th century response to what was believed to be both the corruption in the Roman Catholic Church and the expanding Magisterial Protestant movement led by Martin Luther and many others. Beginning in Germany and Switzerland, the Radical Reformation birthed many radical protestant groups throughout Europe. The term, an Anabaptist movement concurrent with the Protestant Reformation
• Radical Republicans The Radical Republicans were a loose faction of American politicians within the Republican Party from about 1854 until the end of Reconstruction in 1877, a member of an influential group of American politicians during the Civil War reconstruction
• Radical Party, one of a number of political parties around the world
• Radicals (UK), parliamentary progressives who were part of the nineteenth-century Liberal coalition
• Radical feminism Radical feminism is a "current" within feminism that focuses on the theory of patriarchy as a system of power that organizes society into a complex of relationships based on an assumption of "male supremacy" used to oppress women. Radical feminism aims to challenge and to overthrow patriarchy by opposing standard gender roles, a current within feminism that focuses on patriarchy as a system of power
• Radical veganism, a radical interpretation of veganism, usually combined with anarchism
• Radicalization Radicalization is the process in which an individual changes from passiveness or activism to become more revolutionary, militant or extremist. Radicalization is often associated with youth, adversity, alienation, social exclusion, poverty, or the perception of injustice to self or others.[citation needed]
• Islamic radicalism

In culture:

• Radical chic First coined by journalist Tom Wolfe, radical chic has entered broad usage as a derogatory term for the pretentious adoption of radical causes by celebrities, socialites, and high society. The concept has been described as "an exercise in double-tracking one's public image: on the one hand, defining oneself through committed allegiance to a, a term coined by Tom Wolfe to describe the pretentious adoption of radical causes by celebrities, socialites, and high society

In architecture:

• Radical Baroque, an architectural style characterized by the curvature of walls and intersection of oval spaces

Brands, titles and proper names:

• Radical Sportscars, an English sports car maker
• Radical Entertainment Radical Entertainment is a video game developer based in Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. It was founded in 1991 and previously developed games for game publishers such as THQ, Microsoft and Fox Interactive. It is now an entirely owned subsidiary of Activision Blizzard after being acquired in 2005. In 2007, Radical was named one of Canada's, a video game developer based in Vancouver, Canada
• Free Radical Design, a video game developer based in Nottingham, England
• Free Radicals (band), a jazz-funk musical group from Houston, Texas
• Free Radical Centre, a centre for free radical chemistry and biotechnology that was established in 2005
• Radical (Smack album), Smack's fourth studio album, released in 1988

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